HAZZA ABDULLA SALEM
H00282686
CJM
Drug
use
Article 1
Section 1
Source: HCT Libraries Page
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Search Terms: Drug Use
Section 2
Title:
Prescription drug use in pregnancy
Abstract
The abstract consists of the
objective, study design, results, conclusions, and key words. The purpose of
the study is to offer information on the prevalence application of the
prescription drugs among the pregnant in United States (Andrade et al, 2004).
The design included conducting the study within the application of automated
databases of 8 health care maintenance Research Network Center for Education
and Research on Therapeutics. It was identified women who delivered their
children at the hospital from 1st January 1996 to 31st
December, 2000. The study evaluated the prescription drugs concerning the
therapeutic classes and the Food and Drug Administration. Assumptions applied
included a 270 days gestation with three 90 day trimesters of pregnancy and a
90 – period day before the pregnancy. The study did not however test non-prescription
drug application.
Within
the four-year period 1996 – 2000, more than 152,000 were conducted and
identified to meet the criteria study. In at least 64%, at least a vitamin and
mineral supplement was administered before delivery. At least 2.4% received
drugs in category A, 50% received drugs in category B, 37.8% received drugs in
category C and 4.8% obtained drugs from D while 4.6% obtained drugs from X of
the US Food and Drug Administration risk classification system. In general, at
least 3.4% of the women obtained drugs from D while 1.1% obtained drugs from
category X after the beginning of their prenatal visits. The study concluded
therefore that at least one ha lf of all pregnant women received prescription
drugs from either category C, D, or X. It is essential for these women to
understand the effects of the drug medication on the developing baby and on the
expectant mothers. The authors have ensured that a list of references is
included in the article. More than seventeen peer-reviewed journals are used in
the article to introduce issues and risks of using drugs while pregnant. The
applied journals were written in a span of less than 20 years altogether. The
study involves an appendix, which emphasizes the risks involved
Reference
Andrade,
E. S., et al. (2004). “Prescription drug use in pregnancy” American Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynecology 191: 398- 407
Section 3
Population
Databases
of 8 health care maintenance Research Network Center for Education and Research
on Therapeutics was used to collect information on the number of expectant
women who visited the hospital from 1st January 1996 to 31st
December, 2000.
Research Approach
A retrospective study with
the use of automated HMO databases was applied in collecting data in the study.
The methodology applied is therefore qualitative.
Participant selection
A
database for identified women who delivered their children at the hospital from
1st January 1996 to 31st December, 2000 was used. From
the population, a big number of women were drawn to representative populations
and received drugs other than the normal vitamin and mineral supplements.
Main results
The study confirmed that at
least 280,000 women were exposed to drugs with proofs of fetal danger related
to them. No problem has been identified with the study as all possible cases of
women are categorized in every group. Databases of every group and year have
been further compared to results from other countries like France and in other
periods.
Section 4
The
study has conducted research in significant field where little or controversial
information is realized. The issue of drug use is often linked to the substance
abuse, a much-informed topic. Drug use affects all categories of people are
especially expectant women who are more vulnerable due to their condition
(Lacroix, Damase-Michel, Lapeyre-Mestre & Montastruc, 2000). Drugs are
known either to stimulate the body reactions of to inhibit some of the
activities. Pregnant women taking drugs ought to be careful due to the new life
they are carrying and sensitivity of the fetus to the environments. Most of the
women and the public in generation are unaware of the implications of the drugs
they use. Other than the vitamins and the mineral supplements, expectant women
ought to be equipped with the health information related to the use of the
drugs and any fetal risks involved. To confirm the effects of this study, a
related study ought to be conducted on the prescribed drug use in expectant
women and with impulsive abortions and early terminations of pregnancies. The
future study will enable population become equipped with the frequency
application of the prescribed drugs with proofs of fetal risks. The study
confirmed that at least 1 % of the pregnant women use drugs other than vitamin
and mineral supplements within the gestation period. More studies ought to be
conducted to ascertain the effects of these drugs to these women and to the
fetuses. According to Doering, Boothby & Cheok (2002), applications of any
form of medications pose potential danger to the mother and the fetus. Since it
is still uncertain on the knowledge of safe medication, it is necessary to
exercise restraint on the applied medication during pregnancy (Shojania,
Duncan, McDonald & Wachter, 2001).
Article Two
Section 1
Source: HCT Libraries Page
> Discover> Electronic Resources
Search Terms: Drug Use
Section 2
Title:
Prescription drug use in pregnancy
Abstract
The
study evaluates substance abuse and addiction among welfare and low-income
mother (Reuters, 2004). Reuters defines the varying patterns of the drug use
and goes on explain the rise and fall of drug dependency in 1970s to 1990s.
this pattern is mainly driven by use of marijuana. The pattern of more
dangerous drugs as cocaine has been different as its high peak was realized in
the 1980s and drastic fall in the 1990s. Consequently, stock of frequent users
had either died or discontinued their use. Reuters relies on databases from
four non-governmental organizations, ADAM, DAWN, MTF, and NHSDA.
Reference
Reuter,
P. Drug Use. Journal of Policy Analysis
and Management. 2004: 65-81
Section 3
Population
Four
major data sets are applied in this topic. MTF applies a survey of high school
students' use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, for 25 years.
Cross-sectional methodology is applied together with 25 active panels. At least
2,500 respondents participate annually from high school senior class in panels.
They participate to age 40. During this time, three principal investigators ask
the same questions. They thus produce a very stable high-quality data set
(Pollack et al, 2002). No data on the welfare status of the household in MTF is
present either from cross-sectional or longitudinal. Income questions in the
cross-sections are insignificant due to the kind of participants used.
NHSDA applies a sample size
of 10,000 in 1990 to 70,000 in 1999. This sample is produces a state-level
estimates of drug use for broad age groups. DAWN offers figures on emergency
room admissions causally related to use of specific illegal drugs. This data
set is thin, providing only age, sex, and race of the patient. ADAM contains
data on biological assays and self-reports for drug use in a sample of
arrestees in about thirty-five counties. ADAM includes a detailed survey
instrument about criminal and noncriminal earnings and socio-demographic
variables. The sample is nevertheless adequately large to offer useful data on
earnings, family responsibility, and drug use in the criminally active female
population.
Research
Approach
The
applied approach is qualitative as comparison is made on the data findings from
these four organizations. Results realized in each of the group were compared
to the rest and the major findings in the county.
Participant selection
The
study fails to describe how each participant from the NHSDA, ADAM, and MTF
groups was selected. DAWN uses figures from the emergency room admissions
causally related to use of specific illegal drugs.
Main Results
At
least 5% of the women were admitted to using an illegal drug within the one
month before carrying out the study. At least 21% of the women have relied on
drugs at least once in their lifetime. Marijuana was the major common drug with
at least 17% of the participants relying on it in their lifetime. This was
closely followed by cocaine with at least 8% of the respondents having relied
on it in their lifetime.
References
Andrade, E. S., et al. (2004). “Prescription drug use
in pregnancy” American Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynecology. 191: 398- 407
Doering, P. L, Boothby, L. A, & Cheok, M. Review
of pregnancy labeling of prescription drugs:
Is the current system
adequate to inform of risks? Am J
Obstetric Gynecology 2002; 187:333-9.
Lacroix I, Damase-Michel C., Lapeyre-Mestre M., &
Montastruc J. L. Prescription of drugs
during pregnancy in France. Lancet 2000; 356:1735-6.
Pollack, Harold, Sheldon Danziger, Kristin Seefeldt,
and Rukrnalie Jayakody. 2002. "Substance
Use Among Welfare
Recipients: Trends and Policy Responses." Social Service Review
76 (2) (June): 256.
Reuter, P. Drug Use. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 2004: 65-81
Shojania K, Duncan B, McDonald K, Wachter R. M,
editors. Making health care safer: a critical
analysis of patient safety
practices. Evidence report/technology assessment no. 43; AJRQ
publication 01-E058. Rockville
(MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2001.
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